There is a perception among some Chinese that the United States, Japan, and Taiwan are attempting to contain China. It was finally publicly acknowledged by Chinese premier Wen Jiabao during his April 2007 trip to Japan.
Japanese aid to China was rarely formally publicized to the Chinese people by the Chinese government, until Japan announced that aid was to be phased out. About 25 percent of the funding for all of China's infrastructure projects between 19 - including roads, railways, telecom systems and harbours - came from Japan. According to estimates, Japan accounts for more than 60 percent of China's ODA received. Japan gave official development assistance (ODA), amounting to 3 trillion yen (US$30 billion). Ĭhina refused war reparations from Japan in the 1972 Joint Communiqué. As examples, critics point to the withdrawal of Iris Chang's The Rape of Nanking from planned publication and the censorship of scenes of the Nanking Massacre from the Japanese theatrical release of The Last Emperor. That some popular media such as comics, books, movies, or documentaries depicting Japanese wartime involvement in atrocities are withdrawn due to nationalist or popular sentiment further contributes to this image. This is further exacerbated by attempts to whitewash Japan's role in the war in certain school history textbooks, such as by softening some statements and removing others. There is deep resentment over the veneration of Japanese war veterans in the Yasukuni Shrine, where a number of war criminals are enshrined, treated as kami or important spirits, and the fact that the shrine openly states that the purpose of Japanese military involvement in Asia was to bring prosperity and liberation to Asians. Women from many Asian countries, including China, were made to serve as prostitutes in military brothels (and were often referred to as " comfort women") under Japanese occupation. In Manchuria, Unit 731, a medical unit of the Japanese army, researched biological warfare using Chinese civilians as test subjects, who were referred to as human 'logs' in the medical journals. Notable incidents included the Nanking Massacre. Many major cities thereafter, including Nanjing, Shanghai, and Beijing were occupied in 1937 by the Japanese. Manchuria came under Japanese control in 1931 as a state named Manchukuo. In addition, the war caused an estimated US$383.3 billion in damage and created 95 million refugees. As a consequence of the war, China suffered 7 million to 16 million civilian deaths and 3 million military casualties. Most reasons for anti-Japanese sentiment in China can be directly traced to the Second Sino-Japanese War, which was one theatre of World War II. 3.1 Anti-Japanese sentiment at sporting events.However, anti-Japanese sentiment significantly decreased by 2018 a poll done in 2018 by Genron NPO showed that 42.2% of Chinese people looked positively to Japan, up from 31.5% in 2017. Anti-Japanese sentiment in China was at its highest in 2014 since the poll was first conducted in 2006 and was up 16 percent over the previous year. This sentiment may also be at least to some extent influenced by issues related to Chinese people in Japan.Īccording to a 2017 BBC World Service Poll, mainland Chinese people hold the largest anti-Japanese sentiment in the world, with 75% of Chinese people viewing Japan's influence negatively, and 22% expressing a positive view. Bitterness in China persists over the Second Sino-Japanese War and Japan's post-war actions. Dissatisfaction with the settlement and the Twenty-One Demands by the Imperial Japanese government led to a severe boycott of Japanese products in China in 1915. Japan seized concessions in areas of China towards the end of the Qing Dynasty. Modern anti-Japanese sentiment in China is often rooted in nationalist or historical conflict, particularly in Japan's history textbook controversies. The Chinese reads "Japanese people not allowed to enter, disobey at your own risk."Īnti-Japanese sentiment in China is an issue with modern roots (post-1868). Anti-Japanese banner in Lijiang, Yunnan 2013.
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